These complications could be minimized by drug delivery systems and the specific targeting of tumor cells. One of the most important challenges of chemotherapy is the associated complications since in addition to tumor cells, chemotherapy drugs also target non-tumor cells in the body. Current cancer treatments are surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Today, cancer is considered to be a leading cause of death across the world. Microalgae play a pivotal role in medical and pharmaceutical biotechnology and are used for the synthesis of growth factors, hormones, antibodies, vaccines, and immune regulators. The main advantages of these nanoparticles over other carriers are low toxicity, biodegradability, and large surface area. In the past decade, microalgae-based nanoparticles have been used in drug delivery systems. Microalgae are also applied in cosmetic products, environmental biotechnology, and animal feeds. Furthermore, they have potential uses as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-allergy agents therefore, they play a key role in the biomedical and pharmaceutical industry. Microalgae are capable of producing various types of bioactive molecules, including carotenoids, polysaccharides, vitamins, and lipids. These microorganisms could adapt to mild and harsh conditions and survive in different environments.

Prokaryotic microalgae such as cyanobacteria are known as blue-green algae, and eukaryotic microalgae comprise diatom and green algae. Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms, which are classified into two categories of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

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